String Theory part2---- Origin of string theory

                                                           Gabriele Veneziano


            A Brief History Of String Theory

let's continue our jouney to the elegant universe of strings...........
previously we discussed about the question that is "why we need string theory?" in short because we want a complete theory which can explain everything starting from big bang and to the center of Black Hole..............

WE will start with a story which tells us the the accidental origin of strings---

In 1968,a young theoretical physicist named Gabriele Veneziano was struggling to make sense of various experimentally observerd properties of the strong nuclear force.Venezieno, then a research fellow at CERN, the European accelerator laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, had worked on aspects of this problem for a number of years, until one day a striking revelation.

Much to his surprise,he realised that an esoteric formula concocted for purely mathematical pursuits by the renowned Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler some teo hundred years earliar- the so-called Euler Beta Function- seemed to describe numerous properties of strongly interacting particles in one fell swoop. Venezieno's observation provided a powerful mathematical encapsulation of many features of the strong force.

But there's a problem!!

Euler's Beta Function seemed to work, but no one knows why. It was a formula in search of an explanation.

This changed in 1970 when the work of Yoichiro Nambu of the university of Chicago, HolgerNielsen of the Neil Bohr Institute, and Leonard Susskind of Stanford University revealed the hitherto-unknown physics lurking behind Euler's formula.

These physicists showed that : "if one modeled elementary paticles as little, vibrating, one-dimensional strings, their nuclear interactions could be described exactly by Euler's Beta Function. If the pieces of strings were small enough, they reasoned, they would still look like point particles, and hence could be consistent with experimental observations."

SO THIS IS THE STORY OF THE ACCIDENTAL ORIGIN OF THE STRING THEORY..

IN NEXT PART WE WILL SE THE PROPERTIES OF STRINGS AND HOW IT PREDICTS THE MASS AND CHARGES OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES .

                                                                  euler's beta function

String Theory------Part1( The Need For a New Theory)

Let's start our journey through the magical world of String Theory..............

GENERAL RELATIVITY  VS  QUANTUM MECHANICS

Our understanding of the physical universe has deepened profoundly during the past century(still we are destroying our environment!!). The theoretical tool of quantum mechanics and general relativity allows us to understand and make testable predictions about physical happening from the atomic and subatomic realms all the way through phenomena occurring on the scales of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, neutron stars and beyond to the structure of the whole universe itself.

• It is truly inspiring that beings confined to one planet orbiting a run-of-the-mill star in the far edges of a fairly ordinary galaxy have been able, through thought and experiment, to ascertain and comprehend some of the most mysterious characteristics of the physical universe.
• Now here's the all problem started :-- Physicist by their nature wil not be standing until they feel that the deepest and most fundamental understandingof the universe has been unveiled.

This is what Stephen Hawking has alluded to as a first step toward knowing "the mind of God".

Now the story of conflict between General Relativity and Quantum mechanics begins ..............

• There is ample evidence that quantum mechanics and general relativity do not provide thie deepest level of understanding. Since their usual domains of applicability are so different, most situations require the use of quantum mechanics or general relativity, but not both!. Under certain extreme conditions, however, where things are very massive and very small--- near the central point of Black Holes or the whole universe at the moment of Big Bang, to name two examples--- we require both general relativity and quantum mechanics for proper understanding.

• BUT like the mixing of fire and gunpowder, when we try to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity, their union brings violent catastrophe. Well-formulated physical problems elicit nonsensical answers when the equations of boththese theories are commingled. The nonsense often takes the form of a prediction that the quantum-mechanical probability for some process is not 20 percent or 80 percent but infinity!.

From above points we can observe that we need a unified theory that can explain black holes, bigbang and every other thing in this univers in an elegant manner.

This marks the entry of string theory(a heroic entry) in the world of quantum mechanics and general relativity..... 

History of IT

The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.